BISNIS & KEPEMILIKAN INDIVIDU

istem Ekonomi dalam Islam ditegakkan diatas tiga pilar utama, yakni konsep kepemilikan (al-milkiyah), pemanfaatan kepemilikan (al-thasharruf fi al-milkiyah) dan distribusi kekayaan diantara manusia (tauzi’u tsarwah bayna al-naas).

Kepemilikan ini dibagi tiga, yakni (1) kepemilikan individu (milkiyatu al-fardiyah), yaitu kepemilikan atas izin syar’i pada seseorang untuk memanfaatkan harta itu lewat sebab-sebab kepemilikan harta yang diakui oleh syara’; (2) kepemilikan umum (milkiyatul al-‘amah), adalah harta yang mutlak diperlukan manusia dalam kehidupan sehari-hari (api, padang rumput, sungai, danau, jalan, lautan, mesjid, udara, emas, perak dan minyak wangi.dsb) yang dimanfaatkan secara bersama-sama. Pengelolaan milik umum ini hanya dilakukan oleh negara untuk seluruh rakyat, dengan diberikan cuma-cuma atau dengan harga murah; dan (3) kepemilikan negara (milkiyatul al-daulah), harta yang pemanfaatannya berada ditangan seorang pemimpin sebagai kepala negara.

Misalnya harta ghanimah, fa’I, khumus, kharaf, jizyah, i/5 harta rikaz, ushr, harta orang murtad, harta orang yang tak memiliki ahli waris dan tanah hak milik negara.

Milik negara digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan yang menjadi kewajiban negara, seperti menggaji pegawai negara, keperluan jihad dan sebagai.
Kepemilikan individu adalah izin dari syara’ (Allah SWT) yang memungkinkan siapa saja untuk memanfaatkan dzat maupun kegunaan (utility) suatu barang serta memperoleh kompensasi – baik karena barangnya diambil kegunaannya oleh orang lain seperti disewa, ataupun karena dikonsumsi untuk dihabiskan zatnya seperti dibeli – dari barang tersebut (AnNabhani, 1996; Yusanto, 1998). Setiap orang bisa memiliki barang atau harta melalui cara-cara tertentu, yang disebut sebab-sebab kepemilikan (asbabu al-tamalluk).

Pengkajian terhadap hukum-hukum syara’ menunjukkan bahwa sebab-sebab kepemilikan individu terdiri dari lima perkara, yakni:
• Bekerja (al-a'mal)
• Warisan (al-irts)
• Harta untuk menyambung hidup
• Harta pemberian negara (i'thau al-daulah)
• Harta-harta yang diperoleh oleh seseorang dengan tanpa mengeluarkan daya dan upaya apapun.

Dalam konteks bisnis, dari kelima sebab di atas hanya sebab pertamalah yang dapat dikategorikan ke dalam kegiatan bisnis. Bekerja dalam pandangan Islam diarahkan dalam rangka mencari karunia Allah SWT. Yakni untuk mendapatkan harta agar seseorang dapat mencukupi kebutuhan hidupnya, sejahtera dan dapat menikmati perhiasan dunia. Dan agar bernilai ibadah, maka pekerjaan yang dilakukan itu harus merupakan pekerjaan yang halal. Sehingga harta yang didapatnya juga merupakan harta yang sah atau halal karena melalui cara yang halal.
Wujud bekerja sangat luas, jenisnya bermacam-macam, bentuknya pun beragam. Hasilnya juga berbeda-beda. Secara umum, dapat dikategorikan dalam dua golongan aktivitas, yakni: (1) bekerja untuk mendapatkan harta (akhdu al-mal) dan (2) bekerja untuk mengembangkan harta (tanmiyatu al-mal). Keduanya berada dalam ranah aktivitas bisnis, baik dilakukan dalam bentuk usaha sendiri maupun dalam bentuk usaha bersama (syarikah).

Bekerja merupakan pengamalan dari perintah syariat Islam. Karenanya bila dilakukan dengan cara yang benar (halal) untuk mengerjakan sesuatu yang juga halal, bekerja bukan hanya akan menghasilkan harta tapi juga mendapatkan pahala dari
Allah SWT.

“Maka bertebaranlah di muka bumi dan carilah anugerah dari Allah”
(QS Al Jumu’ah : 10)

Sekalipun demikian, satu hal yang harus dipahami oleh setiap muslim adalah bahwa rizki atau diperoleh tidaknya harta oleh seseorang sepenuhnya merupakan kekuasaan Allah. Harta yang dimiliki manusia pada hakekatnya adalah milik Allah (Q.S. 24: 33) yang diberikan atau diserahkan manfaatkan dan dikuasakan (Istikhlaf) kepada manusia (Q.S.57: 7). Makna rizki sendiri memang adalah a’tha (pemberian), dan manusia diwajibkan untuk mencari rizki. Tentang hal ini, manusia dituntut agar dapat menciptakan keadaan (al-hal) agar rizki itu datang serta memanfaatkannya melalui jalan yang benar dan bertanggung jawab. Inilah makna dari ungkapan al-rizqu bi yadillahi wahdahu (rizki di tangan Allah semata).

Bisa terjadi, seseorang sudah bekerja sekuat tenaga, misalnya membuka kantor konsultan lengkap dengan segala perangkat yang diperlukan, tapi dua bulan sudah berjalan tak satupun pekerjaan didapat. Sebaliknya, kadang tanpa diduga, di saat kita sebenarnya tidak terlalu siap, mengalir deras order dari berbagai tempat. Jadi, jelaslah bahwa bekerja hanyalah merupakan keadaan (al-hal) yang harus diusahakan agar “rizki di tangan Allah” tersebut datang. Dan datangnya pun tidak melulu melalui bekerja. Ada empat cara lainnya sebagaimana telah disebut di atas, di luar bekerja, yang memungkinkan datangnya rizki ke tangan kita.

Oleh karena itu, tiap muslim wajib mengusahakan perolehan harta secara halal sehingga menghasilkan kepemilikan yang benar menurut Islam (Hasan, 1999; Abdurrahman, 1999). Dengannya, bisnis penuh ‘berkat’ dan berkah benar-benar dapat diwujudkan. Insya Allah.

Dikutip dari buku
Menggagas Bisnis Islami, M. Ismail Yusanto & M. Karebet Widjajakusuma, Gema Insani

Mengemis Jabatan

Khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz r.a. pernah berkata: “Demi Allah, sungguh aku ingin sekali bila jarak antara kami dengan urusan pemerintahan itu melebihi jarak dua kutub Timur dan Barat.” Adalah sebuah perkataan mulia yang juga merupakan nasihat kepada kita tentang bagaimana menyikapi aktivitas yang berhubungan dengan pelayanan terhadap umat, yakni urusan pemerintahan. Ternyata beliau begitu menginginkan agar sebisa mungkin jabatan untuk mengurusi kepentingan umat itu menjauh darinya. Karena beban yang harus dipikulnya teramat berat dan harus mempertanggungjawabkannya di hadapan Allah di akhirat nanti.

Pernyataan yang seperti ini jarang ditemukan dalam aktivitas politik kita. Justru sebaliknya, banyak yang menginginkan jabatan di pemerintahan. Entah itu menjadi anggota dewan legislatif, menteri atau yang paling prestisius, yakni sebagai presiden. Sudah banyak pernyataan yang dilontarkan oleh beberapa tokoh politik kita, yang menginginkan untuk menjadi orang nomor satu di negeri ini. Keinginan menjadi presiden sudah sangat lumrah dilontarkan oleh beberapa tokoh politik. Hal yang dulu sangat ditabukan itu telah menjadi pernyataan yang biasa di era reformasi. Terlepas dari apakah itu murni keinginannya atau ada yang mendorongnya, barangkali ada baiknya merenungkan kembali sabda Rasulullah saw yang menasihati kita berkaitan dengan urusan pemerintahan ini.
Kutip
Dari Abu Musa r.a. berkata: ’Aku dan dua orang lelaki dari anak cucu pamanku masuk ke tempat Nabi saw. Lalu salah seorang dari lelaki tersebut berkata: ‘Ya Rasulullah, angkatlah kami sebagai pengurus untuk mengurusi sebagian apa yang Allah serahkan pengurusannya itu kepadamu. Dan yang seorang lagi juga mengatakan seperti itu. Maka jawab Rasulullah saw.: ‘Demi Allah, sungguh kami tidak akan menyerahkan kepengurusan atas pekerjaan ini kepada seseorang yang memintanya, atau kepada seseorang yang sangat menginginkannya (ambisi).” (HR Ahmad, Bukhari dan Muslim)


‘Pernyataan’ Rasulullah tersebut bukan berarti bahwa beliau tidak ingin jabatannya direbut oleh orang lain. Juga bukan berarti tidak percaya kepada orang tersebut. Namun, Rasul juga punya alasan yang juga disampaikannya dalam sabdanya:“Barangsiapa meminta jabatan pengurus kaum muslimin hingga dapat, kemudian keadilannya mengalahkan kedzalimannya, maka ia akan masuk surga, dan siapa yang kedzalimannya mengalahkan keadilannya, maka dia akan masuk neraka.” (HR Abu Dawud). Jadi, harus hati-hati. Jangan hanya menuruti hawa nafsu semata.

Juga urusan meminta jabatan ini bukan hal yang sembarangan. Karena masalah pengurusan umat (rakyat) ini adalah masalah yang berat, maka selain harus diemban oleh orang-orang yang sholeh dan ikhlash tapi sekaligus kapabel.
Kutip
“Dan dari Abu Dzar, ia berkata: ‘Aku bertanya: ‘Ya Rasulallah, apakah engkau tidak mau mengangkat aku sebagai amil (pegawai)? Katanya selanjutnya: ‘Kemudian beliau menepuk pundakku seraya bersabda: ‘Wahai Abu Dzar, engkau adalah orang yang lemah, sedang kekuasaan itu adalah suatu amanat, dan sesungguhnya dia (kekuasaan) itu kelak di akhirat akan merupakan kerugian dan penyesalan, kecuali orang yang mendapatkannya itu dengan hak dan menunaikan apa yang menjadi kewajibannya.” (HR Ahmad dan Muslim dalam tarjamah kitab Nailul Authar jilid 6 halaman 3187)

Ini sekadar renungan saja. Ternyata, banyak dari kita yang gemar meminta jabatan, meskipun kadang jabatan yang kita inginkan tak sebanding dengan kemampuan kita untuk mengembannya. Dan, bisa lebih parah lagi jika kita memaksakan diri merebut jabatan atau mengemis jabatan sementara jabatan itu tekategori haram. Naudzubillah mindzalik.

How to Convert Islam

To convert to Islam and become a Muslim a person needs to pronounce the below testimony with conviction and understanding its meaning:

I testify “La ilah illa Allah, Muhammad rasoolu Allah.”

The translation of which is:

“I testify that there is no true god (deity) but God (Allah), and that Muhammad is a Messenger (Prophet) of God.”




When someone pronounces the testimony with conviction, then he/she has become a Muslim. It can be done alone, but it is much better to be done with an adviser.


The first part of the testimony consists of the most important truth that God revealed to mankind: that there is nothing divine or worthy of being worshipped except for Almighty God. God states in the Holy Quran:

“We did not send the Messenger before you without revealing to him: ‘none has the right to be worshipped except I, therefore worship Me.’” (Quran 21:25)

This conveys that all forms of worship, whether it be praying, fasting, invoking, seeking refuge in, and offering an animal as sacrifice, must be directed to God and to God alone. Directing any form of worship to other than God (whether it be an angel, a messenger, Jesus, Muhammad, a saint, an idol, the sun, the moon, a tree) is seen as a contradiction to the fundamental message of Islam, and it is an unforgivable sin unless it is repented from before one dies. All forms of worship must be directed to God only.

Worship means the performance of deeds and sayings that please God, things which He commanded or encouraged to be performed, either by direct textual proof or by analogy. Thus, worship is not restricted to the implementation of the five pillars of Islam, but also includes every aspect of life. Providing food for one’s family, and saying something pleasant to cheer a person up are also considered acts of worship, if such is done with the intention of pleasing God. This means that, to be accepted, all acts of worship must be carried out sincerely for the Sake of God alone.

The second part of the testimony means that Prophet Muhammad is the servant and chosen messenger of God. This implies that one obeys and follows the commands of the Prophet. One must believe in what he has said, practice his teachings and avoid what he has forbidden. One must therefore worship God only according to his teaching alone, for all the teachings of the Prophet were in fact revelations and inspirations conveyed to him by God.

One must try to mold their lives and character and emulate the Prophet, as he was a living example for humans to follow. God says:

“And indeed you are upon a high standard of moral character.” (Quran 68:4)

God also said:

“And in deed you have a good and upright example in the Messenger of God, for those who hope in the meeting of God and the Hereafter, and mentions God much.” (Quran 33:21)

He was sent in order to practically implement the Quran, in his saying, deeds, legislation as well as all other facets of life. Aisha, the wife of the Prophet, when asked about the character of the Prophet, replied:

“His character was that of the Quran.” (As-Suyooti)

To truly adhere to the second part of the Shahada is to follow his example in all walks of life. God says:

“Say (O Muhammad to mankind): ‘If you (really) love God, then follow me.’” (Quran 3:31)

It also means that Muhammad is the Final Prophet and Messenger of God, and that no (true) Prophet can come after him.

“Muhammad is not the father of any man among you but he is the Messenger of God and the last (end) of the Prophets and God is Ever All-Aware of everything.” (Quran 33:40)

All who claim to be prophets or receive revelation after Muhammad are imposters, and to acknowledge them would be tantamount to disbelief.

We welcome you to Islam, congratulate you for your decision, and will try to help you in any way we can

PLC

Industry has begin to recognize the need for quality improvement and increase in productivity in the sixties and seventies. Flexibility also became a major concern (ability to change a process quickly became very important in order to satisfy consumer needs).

Try to imagine automated industrial production line in the sixties and seventies. There was always a huge electrical board for system controls, and not infrequently it covered an entire wall! Within this board there was a great number of interconnected electromechanical relays to make the whole system work. By word "connected" it was understood that electrician had to connect all relays manually using wires! An engineer would design logic for a system, and electricians would receive a schematic outline of logic that they had to implement with relays. These relay schemas often contained hundreds of relays. The plan that electrician was given was called "ladder schematic". Ladder displayed all switches, sensors, motors, valves, relays, etc. found in the system. Electrician's job was to connect them all together. One of the problems with this type of control was that it was based on mechanical relays. Mechanical instruments were usually the weakest connection in the system due to their moveable parts that could wear out. If one relay stopped working, electrician would have to examine an entire system (system would be out until a cause of the problem was found and corrected).

The other problem with this type of control was in the system's break period when a system had to be turned off, so connections could be made on the electrical board. If a firm decided to change the order of operations (make even a small change), it would turn out to be a major expense and a loss of production time until a system was functional again.

It's not hard to imagine an engineer who makes a few small errors during his project. It is also conceivable that electrician has made a few mistakes in connecting the system. Finally, you can also imagine having a few bad components. The only way to see if everything is all right is to run the system. As systems are usually not perfect with a first try, finding errors was an arduous process. You should also keep in mind that a product could not be made during these corrections and changes in connections. System had to be literally disabled before changes were to be performed. That meant that the entire production staff in that line of production was out of work until the system was fixed up again. Only when electrician was done finding errors and repairing,, the system was ready for production. Expenditures for this kind of work were too great even for well-to-do companies.

First Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

"General Motors" is among the first who recognized a need to replace the system's "wired" control board. Increased competition forced auto-makers to improve production quality and productivity. Flexibility and fast and easy change of automated lines of production became crucial! General Motors' idea was to use for system logic one of the microcomputers (these microcomputers were as far as their strength beneath today's eight-bit microcontrollers) instead of wired relays. Computer could take place of huge, expensive, inflexible wired control boards. If changes were needed in system logic or in order of operations, program in a microcomputer could be changed instead of rewiring of relays. Imagine only what elimination of the entire period needed for changes in wiring meant then. Today, such thinking is but common, then it was revolutionary!

Everything was well thought out, but then a new problem came up of how to make electricians accept and use a new device. Systems are often quite complex and require complex programming. It was out of question to ask electricians to learn and use computer language in addition to other job duties. General Motors Hidromatic Division of this big company recognized a need and wrote out project criteria for first programmable logic controller ( there were companies which sold instruments that performed industrial control, but those were simple sequential controllers û not PLC controllers as we know them today). Specifications required that a new device be based on electronic instead of mechanical parts, to have flexibility of a computer, to function in industrial environment (vibrations, heat, dust, etc.) and have a capability of being reprogrammed and used for other tasks. The last criteria was also the most important, and a new device had to be programmed easily and maintained by electricians and technicians. When the specification was done, General Motors looked for interested companies, and encouraged them to develop a device that would meet the specifications for this project.

"Gould Modicon" developed a first device which met these specifications. The key to success with a new device was that for its programming you didn't have to learn a new programming language. It was programmed so that same language ûa ladder diagram, already known to technicians was used. Electricians and technicians could very easily understand these new devices because the logic looked similar to old logic that they were used to working with. Thus they didn't have to learn a new programming language which (obviously) proved to be a good move. PLC controllers were initially called PC controllers (programmable controllers). This caused a small confusion when Personal Computers appeared. To avoid confusion, a designation PC was left to computers, and programmable controllers became programmable logic controllers. First PLC controllers were simple devices. They connected inputs such as switches, digital sensors, etc., and based on internal logic they turned output devices on or off. When they first came up, they were not quite suitable for complicated controls such as temperature, position, pressure, etc. However, throughout years, makers of PLC controllers added numerous features and improvements. Today's PLC controller can handle highly complex tasks such as position control, various regulations and other complex applications. The speed of work and easiness of programming were also improved. Also, modules for special purposes were developed, like communication modules for connecting several PLC controllers to the net. Today it is difficult to imagine a task that could not be handled by a PLC.

Components of Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

PLC is actually an industrial microcontroller system (in more recent times we meet processors instead of microcontrollers) where you have hardware and software specifically adapted to industrial environment. Block schema with typical components which PLC consists of is found in the following picture. Special attention needs to be given to input and output, because in these blocks you find protection needed in isolating a CPU blocks from damaging influences that industrial environment can bring to a CPU via input lines. Program unit is usually a computer used for writing a program (often in ladder diagram).

Central Processing Unit – CPU of Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16- and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you'll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controller, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons). Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form of light diodes for error signalization.
PLC

Memory of Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for an process control system. Aside from this operating system it also contains a user program translated from a ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of FLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.

User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as "1" or as "0" in a specific memory bit. Each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in user program. For example, timer value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.

Programming of Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today's transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).

Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system inputs/ouputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.

Power supply of Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you'll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.

This electrical supply is usually not used to start external inputs or outputs. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs or outputs because then you can ensure so called "pure" supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.

Inputs of Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

Intelligence of an automated system depends largely on the ability of a PLC controller to read signals from different types of sensors and input devices. Keys, keyboards and by functional switches are a basis for man versus machine relationship. On the other hand, in order to detect a working piece, view a mechanism in motion, check pressure or fluid level you need specific automatic devices such as proximity sensors, marginal switches, photoelectric sensors, level sensors, etc. Thus, input signals can be logical (on/off) or analogue. Smaller PLC controllers usually have only digital input lines while larger also accept analogue inputs through special units attached to PLC controller. One of the most frequent analogue signals are a current signal of 4 to 20 mA and milivolt voltage signal generated by various sensors. Sensors are usually used as inputs for PLCs. You can obtain sensors for different purposes. They can sense presence of some parts, measure temperature, pressure, or some other physical dimension, etc. (ex. inductive sensors can register metal objects).

Other devices also can serve as inputs to PLC controller. Intelligent devices such as robots, video systems, etc. often are capable of sending signals to PLC controller input modules (robot, for instance, can send a signal to PLC controller input as information when it has finished moving an object from one place to the other.)

Input adjustment interface of Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

Adjustment interface also called an interface is placed between input lines and a CPU unit. The purpose of adjustment interface to protect a CPU from disproportionate signals from an outside world. Input adjustment module turns a level of real logic to a level that suits CPU unit (ex. input from a sensor which works on 24 VDC must be converted to a signal of 5 VDC in order for a CPU to be able to process it). This is typically done through opto-isolation, and this function you can view in the following picture. Opto-isolation means that there is no electrical connection between external world and CPU unit. They are "optically" separated, or in other words, signal is transmitted through light. The way this works is simple. External device brings a signal which turns LED on, whose light in turn incites photo transistor which in turn starts conducting, and a CPU sees this as logic zero (supply between collector and transmitter falls under 1V). When input signal stops LED diode turns off, transistor stops conducting, collector voltage increases, and CPU receives logic 1 as information.


Output of Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

Automated system is incomplete if it is not connected with some output devices. Some of the most frequently used devices are motors, solenoids, relays, indicators, sound signalization and similar. By starting a motor, or a relay, PLC can manage or control a simple system such as system for sorting products all the way up to complex systems such as service system for positioning head of CNC machine. Output can be of analogue or digital type. Digital output signal works as a switch; it connects and disconnects line. Analogue output is used to generate the analogue signal (ex. motor whose speed is controlled by a voltage that corresponds to a desired speed).

Output adjustment interface of Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

Output interface is similar to input interface. CPU brings a signal to LED diode and turns it on. Light incites a photo transistor which begins to conduct electricity, and thus the voltage between collector and emmiter falls to 0.7V , and a device attached to this output sees this as a logic zero. Inversely it means that a signal at the output exists and is interpreted as logic one. Photo transistor is not directly connected to a PLC controller output. Between photo transistor and an output usually there is a relay or a stronger transistor capable of interrupting stronger signals.
PLC

Extension lines of Programmable Logic Controllers ( PLC )

Every PLC controller has a limited number of input/output lines. If needed this number can be increased through certain additional modules by system extension through extension lines. Each module can contain extension both of input and output lines. Also, extension modules can have inputs and outputs of a different nature from those on the PLC controller (ex. in case relay outputs are on a controller, transistor outputs can be on an extension module).

PLC controller output lines

Aside from transistor outputs in PNP and NPN connections, PLC can also have relays as outputs. Existence of relays as outputs makes it easier to connect with external devices. There a 4 relays whose functional contacts are taken out on a PLC controller housing in the form of screw terminals. In reality this looks as in

PLC controller input lines

Different sensors, keys, switches and other elements that can change status of a joined bit at PLC input can be hooked up to the PLC controller inputs. In order to realize a change, we need a voltage source to incite an input. The simplest possible input would be a common key. Source of direct voltage of 24V, the same source can be used to incite input (problem with this source is its maximum current which it can give continually and which in our case amounts to 0.2A). Since inputs to a PLC are not big consumers (unlike some sensor where a stronger external supply must be used) it is possible to take advantage of the existing source of direct supply to incite all six keys.

Politikus Islam Sejati

Assalaamu'alaikum wr wb
Politikus dalam Demokrasi

Bagi masyarakat yang telah terbiasa hidup dalam jargon demokrasi, istilah politikus dipandang hanya untuk mereka yang terlibat dalam urusan pemerintahan, parlemen atau partai-partai politik yang melibatkan diri dalam pemilu untuk meraih kursi kekuasaan. Diluar ranah aktivitas tersebut, bukanlah aktivitas politik.

Lebih dari itu, demokrasi telah mengentalkan brand image seorang politikus sebagaimana fenomena para politikus ala Machiavellis. Para diktator-diktator besar seperti Hitler, Mustapha Kemal dan sederetan penguasa licik, jahat dan keji adalah murid-murid teladan yang menerapkan dengan sangat baik ”The Prince”, buku panduan para politikus, karya besar Machiavellis dalam sejarah Kapitalisme.

Akhirnya, mayoritas kaum muslimin pun memandang politik dan politikus dengan sudut pandang keliru ini. Politik dipandang sebagai aktivitas kotor dan alat keji yang jauh dari sifat akhlaqul karimah seorang muslim. Bahkan sadar ataupun tidak, seorang politikus muslim yang awalnya memiliki motivasi tulus untuk memperbaiki kondisi masyarakat yang buruk, terperosok juga ke dalam langkah-langkah Machiavellis.

Dalam standar Machiavellis: ” Tujuan Menghalalkan Segala Cara”. Alam demokrasi telah menjebak manusia untuk mengkompromikan kebenaran dengan kebathilan. Demokracy is from the people, by the people and for the people, istilah yang dipopulerkan oleh Abraham Lincoln dan kini telah mengglobal di bawah payung Amerika Serikat. Ketika suara rakyat menjadi Tuhan, maka Hukum Syariat tidak boleh menjadi ukuran.

Demokrasi telah mendoktrin masyarakat untuk tidak menyebut-nyebut agama dalam pengaturan kehidupan bernegara. Hal ini melahirkan kalangan muslim yang anti politik, sebagai akibat citra kotor aktivitas politik. Namun di sisi lain, muncul para politikus muslim yang terjebak untuk berkompromi. Tak jarang terdengar penolakan kalangan ini terhadap istilah agama dan syariat. Mereka lebih merasa mulia mengemban istilah politikus demokratis dibandingkan dengan politikus Islam.


Politikus Islam Sejati

Fakta dan kebenaran sejarah telah mengungkapkan bahwa Suri Tauladan, Rasulullah Saw adalah seorang Politikus besar. Bahkan Michael H. Hart, cendekiawan As, Penulis buku 100 Tokoh Paling Berpengaruh dalam Sejarah, telah menempatkan Nabi Muhammad Saw sebagai Tokoh Nomor Satu Paling Berpengaruh dalam Sejarah. Hart mengatakan bahwa Muhammad Saw bukan semata pemimpin keagamaan, namun juga pemimpin duniawi. Kepemimpinan politiknya senantiasa berada terdepan sepanjang waktu.

Islam memang bukan agama yang hanya bersifat ruhiyah (spiritual), namun juga siyasiyah (politik). Terlaksananya seluruh hukum Islam (secara Kaffah) yang termaktub dalam Al Qur’an dan Al Hadits, hanya terwujud dalam bentuk Institusi Negara. Ada hukum-hukum Islam yang beban pelaksanaannya hanya ada di tangan negara, seperti perekonomian, peradilan, persanksian, pemerintahan dan lain-lain. Pelaksanaan hukum ini tidak di tangan perseorangan, sekelompok masyarakat atau partai, namun hanya di tangan Negara. Dengan demikian setiap muslim yang menyadari bahwa Islam harus diterapkan secara Kaffah, akan memahami bahwa politik dan perjuangan politik menjadi hal yang sangat penting. Rasulullah Saw adalah Pejuang Politik yang dengan Perjuangan Politiknya telah berhasil menegakkan Negara Islam di madinah dan dengan institusi Negara tersebut perjuangan dakwah Islam meluas ke seluruh penjuru dunia.

Islam telah menggariskan makna politik sebagai pengaturan urusan umat baik di dalam maupun luar negeri. Negara sebagai pihak yang mengurus kepentingan umat, sementara umat berperan melakukan koreksi terhadap pemerintah. Dalam sebuah hadits yang diriwayatkan oleh Hakim dan al-Khatib dari Hudzaifah ra, disebutkan bahwa ”barangsiapa yang bangun pagi dan tidak memperhatikan urusan kaum muslimin, maka ia tidak termasuk golongan mereka (kaum muslimin).” Hadits ini menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas mengurusi urusan umat adalah kewajiban seluruh kaum muslimin. Hal ini juga mengindikasikan wajibnya setiap muslim untuk berpolitik.

Di dalam Islam, seorang politikus tidak harus mereka yang memegang wewenang kekuasaan atau jabatan pemerintahan. Politikus juga bukan berarti mereka yang sarjana lulusan ilmu politik atau pemerintahan. Politikus adalah setiap mereka yang memiliki kepedulian dan kepekaan terhadap problematika umat. Politikus adalah mereka yang memiliki kesadaran bahwa pengaturan seluruh urusan umat seharusnya dilaksanakan sesuai hukum-hukum syariat Islam. Politikus berarti mereka yang terjun langsung mengurusi urusan umat dan mengetahui bagaimana seharusnya penguasa mengatur umatnya sesuai syariat Islam.

Beberapa hal yang merupakan aktivitas politik adalah: 1) Menentang kebijakan penguasa yang zholim, meluruskan mereka agar tidak menyimpang dari penerapan syariat Islam; 2) menegakkan amar ma’ruf nahi munkar kepada penguasa yang zholim; 3) memberikan kesadaran politik kepada masyarakat agar segala urusan mereka tegak di atas aqidah Islam dan bersandarkan pada syariat Islam. Dalam kondisi belum tegaknya Daulah Islam/ Khilafah Islamiyah, aktivitas politik yang paling penting adalah memperjuangkan tegaknya Khilafah Islamiyah, sebagai institusi yang berwenang menerapkan hukum-hukum Allah Swt. Rasulullah Saw telah memberikan suri tauladan bagaimana perjuangan politik menegakkan negara Islam. Diawali dari upaya membangun benih dakwah di Mekah, selanjutnya dakwah menyebar hingga menemukan tempat yang kondusif untuk menjadi benih negara Islam yang menerapkan seluruh hukum-hukum Allah Swt, dan yang menjadi negara pengemban dakwah Islam ke seluruh penjuru dunia.

Dengan demikian, seorang politikus bisa jadi adalah para pedagang di pasar, petani di sawah, karyawan di pabrik, guru di sekolah, sopir-sopir angkutan, penjual sayur keliling bahkan para ibu rumah tangga. Dengan catatan mereka adalah orang-orang yang memiliki kesadaran politik Islam (sudut pandang berdasarkan aqidah Islam), memiliki kepedulian terhadap urusan umat dan melakukan aktivitas politik.

Para shahabat dalam perjuangan politik bersama Rasulullah Saw di Mekah, juga menjadi pemanggul dagangan mereka ke pasar sebagaimana yang dilakukan Abu Bakar, menggembala ternak dan menempa besi-besi. Namun mereka senantiasa aktif menyampaikan dakwah Islam kepada masyarakat, mendebat pemuka-pemuka Quraisy atau mengungkap makar mereka kepada masyarakat. Mereka adalah politikus sejati yang menjadikan kehidupan dakwah sebagai poros seluruh aktivitas kehidupan.


Para Politikus Muslimah dalam Sejarah

Telah tercatat dengan tinta emas sejarah, beberapa aktivitas politik para shahabiyah. Antara lain yang pernah dilakukan oleh Asma’ binti Abu Bakar. Ia dengan beraninya telah mengantarkan perbekalan kepada ayahnya Abu Bakar dan Rasulullah Saw yang saat itu bersembunyi di Gua Tsur dalam perjalanan hijrah mereka ke madinah. Apa yang dilakukan Asma’ memiliki resiko yang sangat besar apabila diketahui oleh orang-orang Kafir Quraisy. Asma’ telah melakukan tugas politik yang penting, karena saat itu Rasulullah Saw telah dinanti-nanti oleh penduduk Madinah untuk menjadi pemimpin Negara Madinah, negara Islam pertama yang menjadi benih pertama Peradaban Islam.

Asma’ binti Yazid al-Asyhaliyah, juru bicara kaum wanita telah menyampaikan isi hati kaum wanita kepada Rasulullah Saw yang saat itu menjadi Kepala Negara Islam. Asma menanyakan tentang kedudukan dan nilai peran wanita di hadapan kaum laki-laki. Saat itu Asma’ berbicara di hadapan forum yang juga dihadiri oleh para shahabat (laki-laki). Apa yang dilakukan Asma’ mendapatkan pujian Rasulullah Saw.

Seorang muslimah di masa pemerintahan Khalifah Umar bin Khaththab telah mengkritik kebijakan Umar tentang pembatasan jumlah mahar. Muslimah ini menyampaikan apa yang ada dalam al-Qur’an tentang tidak adanya batasan mahar bagi kaum wanita. Saat itu pula Khalifah Umar langsung mencabut kembali kebijakannya dan mengatakan,”wanita ini benar dan umar yang salah.”

Demikianlah masih banyak lagi tauladan para shahabiyah dalam melakukan aktivitas politik. Merekalah tauladan politikus perempuan. Mereka menyampaikan pendapat, menegakkan ’amar ma’ruf nahi munkar, mengkritik kebijakan penguasa, melakukan pembinaan kaum muslimah dan yang lebih penting lagi melahirkan generasi pemimpin Islam yang cerdas, tangguh dan gemilang. Sebagaimana yang telah dibuktikan dengan kecemerlangan kepemimpinan Hasan dan Husain bin Ali bin abi Thalib, Abdullah bin Zubair, Umar bin Abdul Aziz dan pemimpin-pemimpin muslim lainnya, melalui kerja keras pembinaan anak usia dini dari para ibu mereka. Sebuah peran berdimensi politik yang tak tergantikan oleh sekolah kependidikan politik manapun [Ir. Lathifah Musa, April 2009] VoI